CODIFICATION OF ELECTORAL AND LOCAL ELECTION LAWS AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA
Keywords:
Codification, Democracy, General Elections, Legal Policy, Local ElectionsAbstract
This research is based on the analysis of three primary issues concerning the codification of the Law on General and Local Elections (Pemilu and Pilkada) as part of the efforts to build democracy in Indonesia. These issues include: First, how the concept and form of codification of the Election and Local Election Laws are viewed from the perspective of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia; Second, what the legal implications of such codification are for the national election legal system; and Third, how the direction of Indonesia's democratic legal policy supports codification as a strategy for national legal reform. The research method employs a normative legal approach with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The results indicate that codification is a constitutional necessity to unify election norms scattered across various regulations, aimed at creating legal certainty, efficiency, and regulatory consistency. An open codification model is considered the most suitable for Indonesia's pluralistic character, as it provides room for flexibility without compromising the harmonization of the legal system. Furthermore, codification serves as a concrete manifestation of democratic legal policy that upholds the principles of the rule of law and public participation in a fair and democratic electoral system. This study aims to formulate the theoretical and juridical foundations for the codification of the Election and Local Election Laws as an integral part of Indonesia's democratic development. The findings offer a concept of open codification grounded in the principles of constitutionality, legal system integration, and responsiveness to political dynamics and societal needs. Through a comprehensive electoral law codification model, this research contributes to the strengthening of a democratic national legal system, ensuring citizens' political rights, and improving the quality of election implementation in Indonesia in a just and sustainable manner.
References
Anggraini, T. (2014). Kajian kodifikasi Undang-Undang Pemilu. Yayasan Perludem.
Aspinall, E., & As’ad, M. U. (2016). Understanding family politics: Successes and failures of political dynasties in regional Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 24(3), 420-435.
Aspinall, E., & Berenschot, W. (2019). Democracy for sale: Elections, clientelism, and the state in Indonesia. Cornell University Press.
Aspinall, E., & Mietzner, M. (Eds.). (2019). The Yudhoyono Presidency: Indonesia's decade of stability and stagnation. ISEAS Publishing.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2006). Perihal Perundang-undangan. Sekretariat Jenderal dan Kepaniteraan Mahkamah Konstitusi.
Bell, J. (2006). Judiciaries within Europe: A comparative review. Cambridge University Press.
Bertrand, J. (2004). Nationalism and ethnic conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.
Birch, S. (2009). Full participation: A comparative study of compulsory voting. Manchester University Press.
Booth, A. (2011). Splitting, splitting and splitting again: A brief history of the development of regional government in Indonesia since independence. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 167,(1), 31-59.
Buana & Satria, M. (2009). Politik Hukum Undang-Undang Pemilihan Presiden 2009. Jurnal Hukum, 16(2), 238–251.
Buana & Satria, M. (2021). Menakar Konsep Omnibus Law dan Consolidation Law untuk Harmonisasi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Indonesia: Pendekatan Perbandingan Hukum Tata Negara. JALREV: Journal of Academic Legal Review, 4(1), 1–22.
Buana & Satria, M. (2023). Kelindan antara Hak Negatif dan Hak Positif dalam Diskursus Hak Asasi Manusia.VeJ, 9(1), 34–57.
Buana & Satria, M. (2023). Menakar Laju Demokratisasi dalam Ranah Lokal. VeJ: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 9(1), 1–19.
Buehler, M. (2010). Decentralisation and local democracy in Indonesia: The marginalisation of the public sphere. In E. Aspinall & G. Fealy (Eds.), Problems of democratisation in Indonesia: Elections, institutions and society (pp. 267-285). ISEAS Publishing.
Butt, S. (2015). The Constitutional Court and democracy in Indonesia. Brill.
Cabrillac, R. (2002). Les codifications. Presses Universitaires de France.
Canale, D., et al. (Eds.). (2009). A treatise of legal philosophy and general jurisprudence: Vol. 9. A history of the philosophy of law in the civil law world, 1600–1900. Springer Science & Business Media.
Conway, S. (Ed.). (1988). Letter from Jeremy Bentham to Tsar Alexander I (June 1815). The correspondence of Jeremy Bentham. Oxford.
Crouch, H. (2010). Political reform in Indonesia after Soeharto. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Dahl, R. A. (1989). Democracy and its critics. Yale University Press.
Diamond, L. (2015). Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 141-155.
Dibley, T. (2014). Partnerships for reform: Civil society and the Indonesian state. Palgrave Macmillan.
Effendi, T. (2022). Hukum Pemilu di Indonesia: Dinamika dan Tantangan. Rajawali Pers.
Elklit, J., & Reynolds, A. (2005). A framework for the systematic study of election quality. Democratization, 12(2), 147-162.
Ellis, A. (2005). Constitutional reform and the election of the president and vice president in Indonesia. International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES).
Falaakh, M. F. (2022). Mahkamah Konstitusi dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi di Indonesia. Kompas Media Nusantara.
Ferejohn, J. (2002). Judicializing politics, politicizing law. Law and Contemporary Problems, 65(3), 41-68.
Fitrani, F., Hofman, B., & Kaiser, K. (2005). Unity in diversity? The creation of new local governments in a decentralising Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41(1), 57-79.
Fung, A. (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 66-75.
Ginsburg, T. (2003). Judicial review in new democracies: Constitutional courts in Asian cases. Cambridge University Press.
Ginsburg, T., & Huq, A. Z. (2018). How to save a constitutional democracy. University of Chicago Press.
Gozali, D. S. (2012). Hukum Perbankan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika
Hadiz, V. R. (2010). Localising power in post-authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia perspective. Stanford University Press.
Haris, S. (2018). Pemilu Serentak 2019: Tantangan dan Prospek. LP3ES.
Hart, H. L. A. (1961). The concept of law. Oxford University Press.
Hendrianto, S. (2018). Law and politics of constitutional courts: Indonesia and the search for judicial heroes. Routledge.
Hendrianto, S. (2021). The Indonesian Constitutional Court and the politics of judicial review. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 16(S1), 79-104.
Hicken, A., & Kuhonta, E. M. (Eds.). (2014). Party system institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, autocracies, and the shadows of the past. Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, D. L. (2013). Constitutional change and democracy in Indonesia. Cambridge University Press.
Huda, N. (2020). Omnibus Law: Konsep dan Problematika. Setara Press.
Kaelan. (2010). Pendidikan Pancasila. Paradigma.
Kansil. (2002). Pengantar Ilmu Hukum dan Tata Hukum Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Koalisi untuk Pemilu Serentak. (2015, September 17). Koalisi Ingin Hanya Ada Satu UU Pemilu. Berita MKRI. https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=13568
Komisi Pemilihan Umum. (2014). Laporan Tahunan 2014. https://www.kpu.go.id
Lindsay, T. (2008). Indonesia: Law and society. Federation Press.
Lindsay, T. (2022). Legal reform in Indonesia: Is 'omnibus law' the answer? Asian Studies Review, 46(1), 1-20.
Mahfud MD, M. (2010). Politik Hukum di Indonesia. Rajawali Pers.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2013). Putusan Nomor 14/PUU-XI/2013.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2019). Putusan Nomor 55/PUU-XVII/2019.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2022). Putusan Nomor 85/PUU-XX/2022.
Manan, B. (2004). Teori dan Politik Konstitusi. FH UII Press.
Manulang, F. M. (2007). Hukum Dalam Kepastian. Prakarsa.
Marzuki, P. M. (2008). Pengantar Ilmu Hukum. Kencana.
Marzuki, P. M. (2014). Penelitian Hukum. Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Mattei, U. (1997). Comparative law and economics. University of Michigan Press.
Merryman, J. H. (2007). The civil law tradition: An introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America (3rd ed.). Stanford University Press.
Mertokusumo, S. (2007). Mengenal Hukum Suatu Pengantar. Liberty.
Mietzner, M. (2013). Money, power, and ideology: Political parties in post-authoritarian Indonesia. NUS Press.
Mietzner, M. (2015). Reinventing Asian populism: Jokowi's rise, democracy, and political contestation in Indonesia. East-West Center.
Mietzner, M. (2021). The Indonesian elections of 2019: Praetorian democracy in crisis. Routledge.
Mietzner, M., & Muhtadi, B. (2018). Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation. Asian Studies Review, 42(3), 479-497.
Muntoha. (2013). Negara Hukum Indonesia Pasca Perubahan UUD 1945. Kaukaba.
Nasution, A. B. (2016). The Indonesian state secretariat and the development of administrative law. In J. M. Miller (Ed.), The social life of transparency (pp. 121-140). Routledge.
Norris, P. (2014). Why electoral integrity matters. Cambridge University Press.
Nurhidayat, R. (2023). Reformasi Hukum Pidana: Kodifikasi KUHP Nasional. Pustaka Pelajar.
Patria, N. (2021). The omnibus law on job creation: A critical legal review. Indonesian Law Review, 11(1), 1-20.
Perludem. (2020). Laporan Pemantauan Kualitas Pemilu 2019.
Pompe, S. (2005). The Indonesian Supreme Court: A study of institutional collapse. Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
Power, T. P. (2018). The political class and the crisis of democracy in Indonesia. In T. P. Power & E. Warburton (Eds.), Democracy in Indonesia: From stagnation to regression? (pp. 35-56). ISEAS Publishing.
Prasetyo, W. (2021). Kritik terhadap metode omnibus law dalam pembentukan UU Cipta Kerja. Jurnal Konstitusi, 18(1), 1-25.
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M. E., Cheibub, J. A., & Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and development: Political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. Cambridge University Press.
Raymond, G. (2021). Legislative technique and legal reform: Comparing omnibus law and codification. Statute Law Review, 42(3), 352-369.
Raz, J. (1979). The authority of law: Essays on law and morality. Oxford University Press.
Robison, R., & Hadiz, V. R. (2004). Reorganising power in Indonesia: The politics of oligarchy in an age of markets. RoutledgeCurzon.
Santoso, B. (2022). Teori dan Praktik Kodifikasi Hukum di Indonesia. Prenada Media.
Schedler, A. (2006). Electoral authoritarianism: The dynamics of unfree competition. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schmidt, P. (2007). Judicial activism in Indonesia. In A. Harding & P. Nicholson (Eds.), New courts in Asia (pp. 139-156). Routledge.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Alfred A. Knopf.
Sherlock, S. (2010). The parliament in Indonesia's decade of democracy: People's forum or chamber of cronies? In E. Aspinall & G. Fealy (Eds.), Soeharto's New Order and its legacy (pp. 160-178). ANU E Press.
Siregar, F. (2020). Pemilu Serentak dan Konsolidasi Demokrasi. Refika Aditama.
Slater, D. (2018). Party cartelization, Indonesian-style: Presidential power-sharing and the contingency of democratic opposition. Journal of East Asian Studies, 18(1), 23-46.
Soekanto, S. (2006). Pengantar Penelitian Hukum. UI Press.
Surbakti, R. (2018). Memahami Ilmu Politik. Grasindo.
Susanti, B. (2021). The Constitutional Court and the development of election law in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 16(1), 45-67.
The Law Commission. (1989). Criminal Code for England and Wales, Volume 1: A report to the Law Commission. HMSO.
Tomsa, D. (2014). Party system fragmentation in Indonesia: The subnational dimension. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(2), 249-278.
Tushnet, M. (2009). Weak courts, strong rights: Judicial review and social welfare rights in comparative constitutional law. Princeton University Press.
Van Hoecke, M. (2002). Law as communication. Hart Publishing.
Wahyono, P. (1980). Negara Hukum Indonesia. Ghalia Indonesia.
Warburton, E. (2016). Inequality, nationalism and electoral politics in Indonesia. Southeast Asian Affairs, 2016(1), 139-157.
Watson, A. (1993). Legal transplants: An approach to comparative law (2nd ed.). University of Georgia Press.
Wijayanto, W. (2019). Dinamika Hukum Pemilu di Indonesia. Thafa Media.
Winters, J. A. (2011). Oligarchy. Cambridge University Press.
Zain, Z. (2020). Reformasi Hukum Pemilu Pasca Reformasi. Kencana.
Ziegenhain, P. (2015). Institutional engineering and political accountability in Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
